The Rational Reminder Podcast
The Rational Reminder Podcast
  • Видео 344
  • Просмотров 1 925 805
Is Private Credit Special? | Rational Reminder 305
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp
Webinar May 22nd: Optimal Compensation Strategies for Business Owners - us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/3317145039436/WN_GYudVJCYSnyF8HfUx9UbJQ
Private credit is one of the fastest-growing asset classes, and today we take a closer look at
why that is, and if it’s really worth the hype. When you invest in private credit, you are
essentially lending money to borrowers who might have difficulty accessing loans elsewhere.
While these assets may be profitable, they can also incur a lot of risk and typically come with
illiquidity. It is traditionally traded among institutional and accredited investors, rather than retail
investors, namely, non-profes...
Просмотров: 2 902

Видео

Budget 2024: The Capital Gains Inclusion Rate | Rational Reminder 304
Просмотров 3,2 тыс.День назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp The Canadian government has recently proposed significant changes to how capital gains are taxed, but how will this impact Canadians? In this episode, we delve into the proposed capital gains tax changes and their impact on financial planning. We unpack the definition of capital gains tax and the complexity of the proposed changes. Explore the ...
Scott Galloway: The Algebra of Wealth | Rational Reminder 303
Просмотров 12 тыс.14 дней назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp What is the role of luck in financial success? And how can we make decisions that will put us in the best possible position to experience long-term prosperity? Joining us today to unpack these questions is Scott Galloway, a talented public speaker, author, entrepreneur, and professor of marketing at NYU Stern School of Business. His latest book...
Michael Green: Market Efficiency Is Not The Question | Rational Reminder 302
Просмотров 11 тыс.21 день назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp With a wealth of experience as a market theoretician and a prolific contributor to financial discourse, today’s guest is uniquely positioned to guide us through the complexities of index fund dynamics. Joining us to discuss the problems that passive investing may be causing in financial markets (and what people should do about it) is Michael Gr...
Prof. Meir Statman: A Wealth of Well-Being | Bonus Episode
Просмотров 2,5 тыс.Месяц назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp Today, we welcome back Prof. Meir Statman to talk about the role of finances in well-being. We investigate the role of finances in well-being with Prof. Meir Statman through the lens of his new book, A Wealth of Well-Being. Discover why wealth advisors must evolve into well-being advisors and uncover the impact of finances on various life domai...
Optimal Government Pension Claiming | Rational Reminder 301
Просмотров 3 тыс.Месяц назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp In this episode, we delve into the best time to claim your Canada Pension Plan (CPP) benefits. Although the focus of this episode is on Canada, there will be many relevant and valuable insights for our non-Canadian listeners. In our conversation, we discuss the importance of understanding the intricacies of CPP benefits, the fundamentals, and h...
Abby Sussman: Financial Judgment and Decision Making | Rational Reminder 300
Просмотров 4,9 тыс.Месяц назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp In this episode, we are joined by renowned expert Abby Sussman to unpack how individuals form judgments and make decisions about their finances. Abby is a distinguished professor of marketing at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business whose expertise lies at the intersection of psychology, economics, and finance. In our conversation,...
300th Episode | Rational Reminder
Просмотров 736Месяц назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp Join us as we celebrate a monumental milestone - Episode 300! 🎉 What an incredible journey it has been. With nearly six years under our belt, each episode has been a testament to our amazing listeners' unwavering support. From our humble beginnings to this remarkable milestone, we extend our deepest gratitude to all who have tuned in, shared th...
The Most Important Lessons in Investing | Rational Reminder 299
Просмотров 17 тыс.Месяц назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp In this episode, we unpack key tenants of investing and the quality of financial advice in Canada's banking industry. In our conversation, we present a list of lessons we have learned about investing, which has been consolidated from contributions by the Twitter community and the Rational Reminder Community. In our conversation, we discuss ways...
Randall Stutman: Admired Leadership for Financial Decision-Making | Rational Reminder 298
Просмотров 2,4 тыс.Месяц назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp Dr. Randall Stutman is an author, highly sought-after speaker, and executive leadership coach to some of the world’s most exceptional CEOs, billionaires, and hedge fund managers. As the founder of the Admired Leadership Institute, he is widely recognized as a world-class authority on leadership strategy and style. Today, Dr. Stutman joins us to...
Do Stocks Return 10-12% On Average? & Zero to Millionaire w/ Nicolas Bérubé | Rational Reminder 297
Просмотров 12 тыс.Месяц назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp As human beings, our brains are wired to solve problems. This can make long-term investment strategies, like passive investing, surprisingly challenging, especially if you’re not accustomed to the ups and downs of the market - it can feel pretty unintuitive to stay the course when your instinct is to take more active steps to solve the problem!...
Adam Alter: The Anatomy of a Breakthrough | Rational Reminder 296
Просмотров 2,6 тыс.2 месяца назад
Feeling stuck is a common human experience and almost all of us will go through it at some point in our lives. Whether it’s relationship struggles, dissatisfaction with work, an inability to progress financially, or a pending midlife crisis, all of these situations can bring up a range of mixed emotions like anxiety, fear, anger, and even numbness. We are joined today by Adam Alter, whose new b...
Home Country Bias, Seg Funds, and Todd Rogers on Writing for Busy Readers | Rational Reminder 295
Просмотров 4,3 тыс.2 месяца назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp In this episode, we explore the intricate world of home-country bias in investment decision-making and learn the secret sauce to effective communication and writing. We start by discussing the definition and influence of home-country bias and explore why investors tend to overweight their portfolios with domestic equities despite global opportu...
Dan Harris: 10% Happier | Rational Reminder 294
Просмотров 3,1 тыс.2 месяца назад
Meet with PWL Capital: calendly.com/d/cpws-jyp-znp In this episode, we delve into the world of mindfulness and meditation with renowned author and meditation advocate, Dan Harris. In our conversation, Dan shares his personal journey from a high-stress career in the news to discovering the transformative power of mindfulness meditation. We explore Dan's best-selling book, 10% Happier which chron...
Eric Balchunas: Spot Bitcoin ETFs | Rational Reminder 293
Просмотров 8 тыс.2 месяца назад
After a year and a half hiatus from discussing Bitcoin, we felt compelled to explore the implications of the US Securities and Exchange Commission's approval of 10 spot Bitcoin ETFs for trading. In this episode, we dive into the recent news surrounding Bitcoin and its entry into the mainstream investment landscape through spot Bitcoin ETFs. To help us unpack this topic is Eric Balchunas, a seas...
Rob Copeland: Ray Dalio and Bridgewater | Rational Reminder 292
Просмотров 7 тыс.3 месяца назад
Rob Copeland: Ray Dalio and Bridgewater | Rational Reminder 292
The Quant Winter, and is Canada Pension Plan a Scam? | Rational Reminder 291
Просмотров 5 тыс.3 месяца назад
The Quant Winter, and is Canada Pension Plan a Scam? | Rational Reminder 291
Morgan Housel: Same as Ever | Rational Reminder 290
Просмотров 11 тыс.3 месяца назад
Morgan Housel: Same as Ever | Rational Reminder 290
Retiring Retirement Income Myths with the Retirement Income Dream Team | Rational Reminder 289
Просмотров 19 тыс.3 месяца назад
Retiring Retirement Income Myths with the Retirement Income Dream Team | Rational Reminder 289
Scott Rick: Navigating the Money Minefield in Real Relationships | Rational Reminder 288
Просмотров 4,8 тыс.4 месяца назад
Scott Rick: Navigating the Money Minefield in Real Relationships | Rational Reminder 288
A Practical Look at Private Equity w/ Steve Balaban & Epic Life w/ Justin Breen | RR 287
Просмотров 3,9 тыс.4 месяца назад
A Practical Look at Private Equity w/ Steve Balaban & Epic Life w/ Justin Breen | RR 287
Errol Morris: Tuning Out the Noise | Rational Reminder 286
Просмотров 7 тыс.4 месяца назад
Errol Morris: Tuning Out the Noise | Rational Reminder 286
2023: A Year in Review | Rational Reminder 285
Просмотров 10 тыс.4 месяца назад
2023: A Year in Review | Rational Reminder 285
Professor Scott Cederburg: Challenging the Status Quo on Lifecycle Asset Allocation | RR 284
Просмотров 17 тыс.4 месяца назад
Professor Scott Cederburg: Challenging the Status Quo on Lifecycle Asset Allocation | RR 284
When Volatility is Risk, and Introducing The Money Scope Podcast | Rational Reminder 283
Просмотров 4,1 тыс.5 месяцев назад
When Volatility is Risk, and Introducing The Money Scope Podcast | Rational Reminder 283
Dr. Jim Grubman: The Psychology of Wealth | Rational Reminder 282
Просмотров 6 тыс.5 месяцев назад
Dr. Jim Grubman: The Psychology of Wealth | Rational Reminder 282
Lifecycle Asset Allocation, and Retiring Successfully with Justin King | Rational Reminder 281
Просмотров 9 тыс.5 месяцев назад
Lifecycle Asset Allocation, and Retiring Successfully with Justin King | Rational Reminder 281
Shane Parrish: Clear Thinking in Everyday Life | Rational Reminder 280
Просмотров 3,8 тыс.5 месяцев назад
Shane Parrish: Clear Thinking in Everyday Life | Rational Reminder 280
Stock Returns in Recessions, and FSRA's Approach to Regulation | Rational Reminder 279
Просмотров 5 тыс.6 месяцев назад
Stock Returns in Recessions, and FSRA's Approach to Regulation | Rational Reminder 279
Juhani Linnainmaa: Financial Advisors, and the Cross-Section of Returns | Rational Reminder 278
Просмотров 3,2 тыс.6 месяцев назад
Juhani Linnainmaa: Financial Advisors, and the Cross-Section of Returns | Rational Reminder 278

Комментарии

  • @FR-nc3vb
    @FR-nc3vb 2 часа назад

    The criticism that investing was only for the rich before the 1950’s doesn’t really make sense to me either. An example is president Herbert Hoover. He encouraged the population during the 1920’s to participate actively in economic growth as much as possible and, above all, to invest in shares ("A small amount every month", was his advice). I’m sure that he had quite an audience that approved that message

  • @pavlosaikevych
    @pavlosaikevych 3 часа назад

    We demand the picture of kids yard of Ben property

  • @wackytheshaggy
    @wackytheshaggy 14 часов назад

    This is some of the dumbest shit I’ve ever heard. “I broke my first marriage, but it was worth it?” That is not a edgy take that is just flat out dumb. He is so in love with himself. And desperately wants you to know how great he is. I had no idea who he was, and after this looked him up. He does marketing. What a joke.

  • @AForEh
    @AForEh День назад

    In their pitches, they talk about how it’s uncorrelated to public markets…well yeah if you don’t allow your clients to sell, of course it’s going to look uncorrelated.

  • @AForEh
    @AForEh День назад

    Howard Marks got paid handsomely by Brookfield

  • @niranmojo
    @niranmojo День назад

    Every time Scott Galloway mentioned Ben’s age. I couldn’t help but chuckle. 🤭 The best part was Ben bringing it up and asking Scott to guess his age. I guessed 34 i was close it’s 36.

  • @earlyretirement1459
    @earlyretirement1459 День назад

    The guys are making the common mistake of lumping all private credit together. There are big firms like Apollo and Blue Owl that are generating investment-grade credit. The CEO of Blue Owl specifically describes themselves as a lender of first choice, not a lender of last resort. You can look at some of the companies they work with to see this. There are benefits to a company doing a private credit deal as opposed to doing a public listing and are willing to pay a premium for this. I'm not sure that the investor receives this premium, but I just wanted to push back on the idea that all private credit is inherently more risky than public credit.

  • @SealableBags
    @SealableBags День назад

    Jeez, it’s painful to sit back and listen to this buffoon do all the talking with people as knowledgeable as the hosts in the meeting. I know they don’t generally challenge the guests directly on their views or opinions but this really merited it. Vague nonsense paraded about as authoritative financial advice AND a whole bunch of semi misogynistic rhetoric to boot. Seems like they wanted to branch out a little but you can’t just sit back and let your guest broadly label women as “mates” several times like some sort of weird incel with no commentary, it’s nice in theory to be completely neutral but in practice they’re platforming and endorsing this guy. This episode gets a big thumbs down from me.

  • @freedomlife3623
    @freedomlife3623 2 дня назад

    Totally agree with meeting in BC, so I can join.

  • @cyclingphilosopher8798
    @cyclingphilosopher8798 2 дня назад

    Content is great, but the relaxed tone somehow reminds me of SNL's Delicious Dish.

  • @victormanuelmendezfonseca6033
    @victormanuelmendezfonseca6033 3 дня назад

    It would be great to have a slide or a tldr with the conclusions of the episodes

  • @jonathanwong8183
    @jonathanwong8183 3 дня назад

    how do I learn more about that RESP bit by mark?

  • @thomas6502
    @thomas6502 3 дня назад

    Great listen as always. Keep up the great work, and... er, grate yards. ;-)

  • @slyanover
    @slyanover 3 дня назад

    Use infinite banking to invest in private credit.

  • @hugomartin6663
    @hugomartin6663 3 дня назад

    🤮🤮🤮

  • @PH-dm8ew
    @PH-dm8ew 3 дня назад

    if the team is half as knowledgeable as you guys, it must be an amazing firm. Shame i don't live in Canada.

  • @dumpsterdiver6415
    @dumpsterdiver6415 3 дня назад

    What´s that background noise? :(

  • @piranhaa2
    @piranhaa2 3 дня назад

    Great content, as always guys! It's always refreshing to hear about less common, illiquid, asset classes that are pitched with more upside than there may be. And it's nice to see some SCV premiums! I lucked out and started investing with the RR 5 factor portfolio in 2021, which I probably never would have without your guys' content. Huge thank you for all the work you've been doing to educate individuals about investing.

  • @jonnygillan
    @jonnygillan 3 дня назад

    Link in description leads to spam emails every other day from Wade.

  • @mordet2
    @mordet2 3 дня назад

    Has there been a way to invest in global small cap value?

  • @PH-dm8ew
    @PH-dm8ew 4 дня назад

    Yet, at what amount of capital does someone consider themselves to no longer be poor?

  • @PH-dm8ew
    @PH-dm8ew 4 дня назад

    Love all you guys and your individual and combined efforts to help people understand the complexity of the issues. My question is do these suggestions on spending apply to someone who only has 1.4 million and not 3,5, or 10 million in their accounts, and has a 30 year horizon. It seems that spending more dynamically especially in the current higher inflation, high s&p environments may be ill advised and not realized for 10 to 15 years down the road. Any thoughts on the Karsten Jeske CAPE based strategy to mitigate the high market? Or is that market timing? My favorite for many years is Ben Felix, his no nonsense almost Vulcan-like approach to data and research studies is so refreshing compared to some of the Dave Ramsey and Cramer TV personalities. Keep up the great work guys.

  • @kirkafur3
    @kirkafur3 4 дня назад

    Ben Felix is like my Vulcan science officer aboard the USS Retirement Account.

  • @marcthomas3053
    @marcthomas3053 5 дней назад

    Does this mean we throw out asset liability matching strategies that actuaries have used for decades to fund short medium and long term liabilities?

  • @tommyo3999
    @tommyo3999 5 дней назад

    I have no Bitcoin, wish I bought some when I first heard about it ( like everyone else) on Tom Woods podcast. He mentioned Pay Pal, weren’t they involved in preventing Canadian truckers from getting donations sent to them? Thereby empowering a tyrannical Government. The Govt. Will always use the canard of fighting crime or terrorism to take away our freedoms. Now stand still while I scan your Iris, Citizen.

  • @kennyb3325
    @kennyb3325 5 дней назад

    As others are pointing out, the techno-optimism that, "the software will eventually fix it," displays is staggering!

  • @antonh8074
    @antonh8074 5 дней назад

    Great content, guys! I have a question. Ben mentions 'lifetime tax smoothing' when talking about mitigating tax risk (I didn't note the timestamp, unfortunately). I heard about it on another financial channel when discussing minimizing terminal tax bill, but I don't quite understand the reasoning behind it. Do you guys have a video about it 🙂 ? Or are there research papers or models that recommend it? Thank you!

  • @justingallagher7268
    @justingallagher7268 5 дней назад

    I keep coming back and listening to this podcast. Great, practical, and informative.

  • @evadeanu1
    @evadeanu1 6 дней назад

    Thank you so much for your summaries.

  • @WillFast140
    @WillFast140 6 дней назад

    Although Ben seems largely against housing as an investment, I own a house (well, the bank owns 66% at present until I’ve paid it all off) but I think being able to sell my house in retirement, or at least borrowing against it, could allow me to get through tougher years in the market during retirement. Alternatively, since the house will be paid off before I’m retired, if things get REALLY tight I can rent it out to generate some cash flow and then rent a cheap small apartment for myself for the years I need any extra money.

  • @Martin-jm8wi
    @Martin-jm8wi 7 дней назад

    I've heard criticism of passive investing a lot of times, but it never was any convincing. I'm not sure if I agree with everything said in the podcast, but it definitely made me think! Thanks for presenting such a strong and drastic criticism in a calm and factual way!

  • @bunnihilator
    @bunnihilator 7 дней назад

    This is the best interview ever!!!

  • @joshhillesheim8333
    @joshhillesheim8333 8 дней назад

    What is the annualized retur of investments that are in market over 20 years for lsi and dca?

  • @benrussell5040
    @benrussell5040 9 дней назад

    Amazing show and great episode!!!

  • @Lee_Aeon
    @Lee_Aeon 9 дней назад

    Galloway has no idea what wonderful teachers you both are, impacting more lives that he ever did. I found his attitude a little disgraceful, while yours was professional and full of modesty. I hope you don't invite him in your future podcasts, he is not worth it.

  • @SomeDudeQC
    @SomeDudeQC 10 дней назад

    Its truly impressive how little people understand about income tax and how many temporarily embarrassed millionaires exist. Should you sell the duplex you bought ten years ago to save several hundred bucks only you can tell.

    • @WillFast140
      @WillFast140 9 дней назад

      Guy who will never in his entire life have 1 dollar in capital gains, let alone more than 250,000: “have you heard about this new capital gains bullshit Trudeau is trying to get away with?”

    • @freedomlife3623
      @freedomlife3623 9 дней назад

      @@WillFast140 isn’t that crazy? Really don’t understand the hyped up hatred of Trudeau. Maybe they feel inferior or less lucky compare to Trudeau?

  • @gmh953
    @gmh953 10 дней назад

    Yea. If you were in USA, I'd be a client.

  • @thomas6502
    @thomas6502 10 дней назад

    "KISS" is (was) an acronym taught in computer programming classes. It stands for "keep it simple, stupid". It seems KISS is practiced by no taxing or legislative authority... anywhere, ever. Er, uh, so... nevermind.

  • @WillFast140
    @WillFast140 10 дней назад

    I think there’s this “great man” mythos that so many people want to subscribe to, because it’s far more inspiring to see a single individual as a hero than to acknowledge that virtually every “great man” only got to where they did on the backs of countless unnamed supporters and employees. We want to see heroes so we can have hope that one day we might get to be heroes. But although the greatest tech, finance, or sociological ideas of all time may have come from singular visionary minds, they were developed, refined, and put into practice by many, many people.

  • @freedomlife3623
    @freedomlife3623 10 дней назад

    Here is the problem for Canada, it seems all the citizen are so against paying tax but wants benefits. It’s crazy. As an immigrant, I am so grateful for what a great country and society Canada is. It’s my privilege to contribute since I won’t joining army & defending Canada in that front. How do people expect we can maintain a livable society if nobody wants to pay tax? Why should capital gain has such a special treatment? Income is income. ( I do have capital gain personally & paying high rate of income tax too).

    • @WillFast140
      @WillFast140 10 дней назад

      I think more Canadians think like you than you think. It seems to be the loudest voices (who stand to lose the most) that the media focuses on. If you’ve comfortably maxed out your TFSA and RRSP, you’re doing a lot better than the average Canadian and you will be just fine paying a bit more tax. Now, there are some taxes I do disagree with (income tax is fine, but I don’t like sales tax on top of it. even if I ended up paying the same amount in taxes overall I’d rather it all be income tax. Sales tax is ridiculous.

    • @piranhaa2
      @piranhaa2 10 дней назад

      I don't know anyone that want to pay 0% tax, like a true libertarian. I'm sure there are some out there, but I don't believe that to be the norm. I think that most people would agree a 100% tax rate would be unfair as well, so trying to find the right balance between these amounts is hard. I think a lot of people have a tough time watching governments spend frivolously, watching inflation eat away at their savings and buying power, and then paying even more tax. It's important to keep governments in check with these things, otherwise it can get out of control.

    • @WillFast140
      @WillFast140 10 дней назад

      @@piranhaa2 by the same token though, anyone who has maxed out their TFSA and their RRSP is sitting in a much better position and doing very well for themselves compared to the average Canadian. And therefore they will be just fine paying a bit more on capital gains in taxable accounts. And remember, they still only tax half of your capital gains unless over 250k, so really half is still untaxed entirely and only if you’re selling assets for a profit of more than 250k, which again is not happening for the majority of Canadians. Primary residences are excluded even, so no arguments that it’s unfair for the avg Canadian. Honestly it’s businesses who complain the most about having to pay taxes. Individuals mostly are not going to be affected. They could tax ALL capital gains if they wanted, so we’re frankly lucky that we still get some amount untaxed on top of our tax free accounts. You don’t just need an income of 250k for this to affect you, you need an income so high that AFTER maxing out both tax free accounts and spending whatever on food, housing etc. in a year, you ON TOP OF THAT earn another 250k or more

    • @freedomlife3623
      @freedomlife3623 9 дней назад

      @@WillFast140 totally agree with you. People with company ( like my husband) that has the extra $$ invested with gain will have to pay extra few percent on those gain. Still very privileged position. We are happy to pay to level out the wealth gap. It’s not a pretty sight/ feeling living in a society with high wealth gap. That’s when revolution happens when majority of society have nothing more to lose.

    • @freedomlife3623
      @freedomlife3623 9 дней назад

      @@piranhaa2 66% inclusion rate for capital gain has very far way to go to reach 100% tax. Actually it will never get there. You have to have 100% inclusion rate with 100% tax rate, just simple math. I do agree with better management of spending our tax dollar though.

  • @nagesshar
    @nagesshar 10 дней назад

    I love it ❤

  • @andrewfriedrichs9340
    @andrewfriedrichs9340 10 дней назад

    Most people's reaction "I don't understand it, but I know I'm angry about it" Ben's reaction "I'm going to model it"

  • @BobbyMander
    @BobbyMander 10 дней назад

    my method: keep buying monthly/weekly or whenever money is available. look at the portfolio when it's going up and ignore it when it's going down. so simple and panic free... :-)

  • @CosmicBarrilet
    @CosmicBarrilet 10 дней назад

    3rd time I'm watching this phenomenal interview... learned a lot have to say.

  • @nobobonobo
    @nobobonobo 10 дней назад

    What a ridiculous and Kafkaesque system

  • @marcoz326
    @marcoz326 10 дней назад

    Amazing podcast!

  • @cyclingphilosopher8798
    @cyclingphilosopher8798 11 дней назад

    Interesting perspectives, but a little too condescending towards mr Felix in my opinion.

  • @djpitagora9583
    @djpitagora9583 11 дней назад

    Perhaps I'm misunderstanding the problem, but wouldn't the solution (for the individual) to this be diversify away from the stock market? buy more real estate for example?

  • @spb81
    @spb81 12 дней назад

    had to say I was smiling to myself when Scott was giving financial advice to Ben 😁 Interesting episode - I think Scott made some good points, and points that I dont quite agree with. It was a good listen.

  • @Davidzfu
    @Davidzfu 13 дней назад

    Did he just say he worked so hard his marriage and family life collapsed and it was all worth it, and then shortly after state that he savors the time with his kids and current family? Seems contradictory.

    • @peruvator6211
      @peruvator6211 8 дней назад

      "it was all worth it" sounds like he is telling this to himself. Maybe if he hears it one more time he'll believe it? Interesting episode.